International Journal of Medical Advances and Discoveries

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Nalidixic acid resistance and clonal expansion of SALMONELLA  ENTERICA  serotype Paratyphi A Isolates in Yuxi city, China

W. Shukun¹, C.Congjia², Y. Yunbo¹, K. Biao³, and D. Baowei³

¹Centre for Disease Control and prevention of Yuxi city, Yuxi 653100, China.

²People^，s Hospital of Yuxi city, Yuxi 653100, China.

³National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 5, Changping, Beijing 102206, China

Accepted 08 May, 2012

Abstract

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with 4060 strains of SALMONELLA ENTERICA serotype Paratyphi A (SPA) isolated from patients at Yuxi City from 1999 to 2008. The incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid of the isolates increased from 12.5% in 1999 to 82.2% in 2000, 93.0% in 2001, and 100% in 2008. The frequencies of intermediary and susceptibility (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique) to ciprofloxacin were 17.0% and 83.0% before 2005, 65.3% and 34.7% in 2008, respectively. A group of 166 NAR and 20 NAS isolates of SPA were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SpeI into nine different PFGE patterns with predominance of the SpeI01 and SpeI02. All NAR isolates had higher MICs for fluoroquinolone. We validate the use of the nalidixic acid screening test for detection of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in SPA.

Keywords: Paratyphoid fever, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi, antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to nalidixic acid, PFGE, clonal expansion.

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cataract blindness in a Nigerian tertiary hospital- A one year review

Singabele EJ¹, Sokolo JEE² and Adio AO³

^1,2College of Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria.

³Department of Surgery, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Accepted 16 July, 2011

Abstract

Blindness negatively affects quality of life and leads to increased mortality. Available community based studies showed that three quarters of the causes of blindness majorly by cataract, is avoidable. This study was conducted so as to have hospital based data on cataract as a cause of blindness in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, (UPTH), Nigeria. The case records of all blind patients (visual acuity of less than 3/60 or corresponding visual field of less than 10⁰ in the better eye with the best possible correction) presenting at the out patient clinic for year 2008 were reviewed. Of 214 patients, Cataract was responsible for about one third (n=82.38.3%). The age 40-60 years had the highest proportion of bilaterally cataract blind patients (40%). More males were bilaterally cataract blind (n=12.60%). Most bilaterally cataract blind patients lived in the rural areas (n=12.60%). The uptake of surgery was poorer among bilaterally cataract blind patients with only 30% (n=6) presenting for surgery. Cataract is a leading cause of blindness in the UPTH, Nigeria and is commoner in the older age group especially among males. The rural dwellers present late especially when bilaterally blind from cataract. Subsidizing the costs may improve the uptake of cataract surgery in our center.

Keywords: Cataract, blindness, university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital, couching, uptake of surgery, visual acuity, hospital based study, mortality.

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Analysis of perceived benefits and risks for prostate cancer screening in Saudi Arabia

Eyad M. Alhelih¹, Danny M. Rabah², Mostafa  A. Arafa³

¹Department of Applied Medical Sciences, RCC, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

²Associate Professor, Consultant Urologist, Head of Urology Department, Princess Aljohara Alibrahim Cancer Research Center ( Prostate Cancer Research Chair) , King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

³Professor of Epidemiology, Princess Aljohara Alibrahim Cancer Research Center (Prostate Cancer Research Chair), King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Accepted 01 February, 2012

Abstract

This exploratory study examined factors and decisional balance (DB) that influence participation in prostate cancer (PCa) screening in Saudi Arabia. The secondary purpose of the study is to develop the groundwork for future interventions to support at-risk men, to develop the health habit of getting a yearly prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE). The sample consisted of 500 Saudi men who resided in Riyadh area. Men completed two surveys and demographic data was also collected. The selected factors are demographic (age, race, marital status), structural (insurance coverage) and behavioral (screening history). No significant relationships were found for the factors and outcome for PSA, or DRE intent to screen. Further analysis utilizing Point Biserial Correlations for DB, factors and intent to screen with the PSA shows a result of a significant negative association between race and DB. A significant positive association was found for DB and having insurance and for DB and having had a previous PSA. For DB, factors and DRE intent resulted in a significant positive association with having insurance coverage and having had a previous DRE screening.In terms of research implications, Saudi health care providers should focus on the recruitment of men, in prostate cancer awareness and screening. Other roles in research is the development of reliable and valid assessment survey questions to measure patient knowledge, attitudes and cultural beliefs that can identify variations in individuals' decision making processes and benefits/risk perception.Implications for the clinical setting include PCa educational interventions as well as continuing to establish relationships outside of the clinical setting to coordinate community health efforts to provide men with resources to obtain culturally relevant information on the latest PCa developments.

Key words: Prostate cancer screening, decisional balance, perceived benefits, perceived risks, Saudi men.

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Cell-mediated immunity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in diabetic ketoacidosis, patients with controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy control subjects

Musa, B. O. P.¹, Onyemelukwe, G.C.¹, Hambolu, J. O.², Bakari, A.G.³ and Anumah, F.E.³

¹Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.B.U.T.H. Zaria, ²Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and ³Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.B.U.T.H. Zaria, Nigeria

Accepted 19 October, 2011

Abstract

Immune modulation accompanying metabolic dysfunction can adversely affect outcome of a non infectious disease such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Peripheral T lymphocyte subsets were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies via manual counting by the indirect immunofluorescence method, in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients in DKA, controlled T2DM patients as well as normal healthy controls (NHC).There was a significant decrease in CD4+ T cells alongside a non significant increase in CD8+ T cells in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) compared to controlled T2DM patients and normal healthy controls. Ratio of CD4/CD8+ T cells was also lowest in DKA. These T cell changes in patients with DKA reflect an abnormal immunoregulatory mechanism in parallel with an impaired metabolic process and may lead to enhanced beta cell damage and increased susceptibility to DKA crisis in T2DM patients.

Keywords: Cell mediated immunity, diabetic ketoacidosis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction, T lymphocytes.

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

The effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the rate of gastric emptying: A prospective, randomized clinical study

Coskun Polat*, Eser Kaya, Burc Yazicioglu*,Taner Ozkececi*, Sezgin Yilmaz* andYuksel Arikan*

*Afyon Kocatepe University, Medical School, Department of Surgery,Afyonkarahisar/TURKEY

^&Afyon Kocatepe University, Medical School, Department of Nuclear Medicine,Afyonkarahisar/TURKEY

Accepted 20 January, 2012

Abstract

Following laparoscopic surgery gastrointestinal motility can change to a greater or lesser degree. Although, almost every kind of study performed about laparoscopic cholecysctectomy, gastric emptying has been evaluated in a few studies. The aim of this prospective, randomized study is to investigate the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on gastric emptying time. Twenty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (female/male 17/3) and 16 healthy volunteers (female/male 14/2) were enrolled into the study. Following an 8-hour fast, one minute scintigraphic images were obtained in the anterior and posterior projection immediately, and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after a 500 µCi (18 MBq) Tc99m sulphur colloid labelled egg, 2 slices of bread and 150 mL of orange juice ingestion. The gastric half emptying time (T1/2 min) was found while the patient was standing. A significant difference of gastric emptying values was found between the patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the Control group (p<0.005). Gastric emptying of solid meal in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was slower than in the Control group. Although, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and minimally invasive surgical procedure, it may have an adverse effect on the gastric emptying time. In the early postoperative period, minimal abdominal discomfort and dyspepsia may occur which may be associated with the delay in gastric emptying in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Key words: Laparoscopy, gastric, emptying.

International Journal of Medical Advances and Discovery ISSN 2756-3812 Vol. 3 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Coping appraisal and affinity towards vegetarianism among a group of civil servants of Oyo state, Nigeria

Ibrahim, Fausat Motunrayo

*Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 5087, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Email: motunib@yahoo.com; Mobile Phone Number: +2348055822100

Accepted 21 November, 2011

Abstract

Vegetarianism holds great promises for attenuating the scourge of chronic human illnesses and ensuring environmental sustainability. It is gaining reputation as a responsible option. Hence, a methodical look at a seemingly under investigated, socio-psychological aspect of vegetarianism is called for. As such, self and response efficacy as well as affinity, with regards to vegetarianism were investigated among 565 government ministries employees. The mean affinity score almost bipolarized respondents as 54.9% scored above the mean while 45.1% scored below the mean. The relationship between self and response efficacy on one hand and affinity on the other is quite strong (R = 0.452; R² = 0.204; P < 0.05). Results of t- test and ANOVA shows that age, religion and education are significantly associated with affinity towards vegetarianism (P< 0.05). Being older, Muslim and highly educated are associated with better affinity towards vegetarianism. There is optimism for vegetarianism in the study area, but there is the need to strengthen campaign for ensuring same.

Keywords: Vegetarianism, affinity, coping appraisal, response efficacy, self efficacy.